The search operation at any search engine is conducted using special characters and phrase match (Proquest, 2004).
• The symbol ‘?’ is used to represent any one character in or at the end of the word.
• The truncation symbol * stands in for any number of characters including none at the end of the word.
• "…" Quotation Marks imply that search words should appear exactly as typed.
• Parentheses are used for prioritizing purposes. Whatever is inside the parentheses is searched first, then those results are searched with the words outside the parentheses.
• AND: Both the search words before and after AND must appear in the article. The operator, AND, narrows the search.
• OR: Either the words before or after OR can appear in the article. OR broadens your search.
• AND NOT: The search words before AND NOT must appear in the article, but the words after must not.
• W/n: Search words must appear within n of words to match.
• PRE/n: The first search word must come before the second by n words to match. This is useful for phrase searching..